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Linux is a Unix-like
computer operating system. Linux is one of the most prominent examples
of free software and open source development; its underlying source
code can be modified, used, and redistributed by anyone, freely. The Linux kernel was first released to the public on 17 September 1991, for the Intel x86 PC architecture. The kernel was augmented with system utilities and libraries from the GNU project to create a usable operating system, which later led to the alternate term GNU/Linux. Linux is now packaged for different uses in Linux distributions, which contain the kernel along with a variety of other software packages tailored to requirements. |
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| History of Linux : |
In 1983, Richard Stallman founded the GNU Project, with the goal of developing a complete Unix-like operating system composed entirely of free software. By the beginning of the 1990s, GNU had produced or collected most of the necessary components of this system — libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell — except for the core component, the kernel. The GNU project began developing a kernel, the GNU Hurd, in 1990, based on the Mach microkernel, but the development of this Mach-based design proved difficult and proceeded slowly. Meanwhile, in 1991, another kernel was begun as a hobby by Finnish university student Linus Torvalds while attending the University of Helsinki.[3] Torvalds originally used Minix on his own computer, a simplified Unix-like system written by Andrew Tanenbaum for teaching operating system design. However, Tanenbaum did not permit others to extend his operating system, leading Torvalds to create a replacement for Minix. Originally, Torvalds called his kernel "Freax" for "free" and "freak" and with the often-used X in the names of Unix-like systems. The name "Linux" was coined by Ari Lemmke, who administered an FTP server belonging to the Finnish University Network; he invented the name Linux for the directory from which Torvalds' project was first available for download. At first a computer running Minix
was necessary in order to configure and install Linux. Initial versions
of Linux also required another operating system to be present in
order to boot from a hard disk, but soon there were independent
boot loaders such as LILO. The Linux system quickly surpassed Minix
in functionality; Torvalds and other early Linux kernel developers
adapted their work for the GNU components and user-space programs
to create a complete, fully functional, and free (as in freedom)
operating system. |
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